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A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. [1] In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist ...
The word is derived from the Latin word verbum (also the source of verbiage), plus the verb gerĕre, to carry on or conduct, from which the Latin verb verbigerāre, to talk or chat, is derived. However, clinically the term verbigeration never achieved popularity and as such has virtually disappeared from psychiatric terminology.
The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly hold fundamentally conflicting cognitions. [1] Being confronted by situations that challenge this dissonance may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. [2]
Groupthink is a construct of social psychology but has an extensive reach and influences literature in the fields of communication studies, political science, management, and organizational theory, [4] as well as important aspects of deviant religious cult behaviour.
The term has also been applied to those bodies who dissent from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, [1] which is the national church of Scotland. [4] In this connotation, the terms dissenter and dissenting, which had acquired a somewhat contemptuous flavor, have tended since the middle of the 18th century to be replaced by nonconformist, a term which did not originally imply secession, but ...
ImageNet is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by millions of images. [58] Currently, it has over 500 images per node on average. BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions. [59]
Eleutheromania, or eleutherophilia is "a mania or frantic zeal for freedom". [1] The term is sometimes used in a psychological context, sometimes likening it to a mental disorder, such as John G Robertson's definition, that describes it as a mad zeal or irresistible craving for freedom. [2]