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In dogs, autoimmune skin diseases are usually not detected until visible symptoms appear, which differs from detection in humans who are able to verbally express their concerns. [2] Genetics , nutrition, and external environmental factors all collectively contribute to increasing the probability an autoimmune skin disease occurring. [ 3 ]
Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and vasculitis. [10] Lyme disease* is a disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochaete, and spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Symptoms in dogs include acute arthritis, anorexia and lethargy. There is no rash as is typically seen in humans. [11]
These symptoms may develop over a few months preceding the onset of SARDS. [4] Clinical signs and disease progression vary markedly among individual animals, depending on the number and type of hormones that are increased, the degree of hormone elevation, and the age of the dog.
The condition of a dog's skin and coat is also an important indicator of its general health. Skin disorders of dogs vary from acute, self-limiting problems to chronic or long-lasting problems requiring life-time treatment. Skin disorders may be primary or secondary (due to scratching, itch) in nature, making diagnosis complicated.
DLE in dogs differs from SLE in humans in that plasma cells predominate histologically instead of T lymphocytes. [6] Because worsening of symptoms occurs with increased ultraviolet light exposure, sun exposure most likely plays a role in DLE, although certain breeds (see below) are predisposed. [ 7 ]
Disaccharidases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides. In the human body , disaccharidases are made mostly in an area of the small intestine 's wall called the brush border , making them members of the group of "brush border enzymes".
Diabetes mainly affects middle-aged and older dogs, but there are juvenile cases. [3] [4] [5] The typical canine diabetes patient is middle-aged, female, and overweight at diagnosis. [6] The number of dogs diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has increased three-fold in thirty years.
Prognosis varies based on the type of Cushing's, if the tumour is benign or malignant, and treatment method. [2] Median survival times for dogs of 662-900 days have been observed in pituitary-dependent cases treated with trilostane, and 353-475 days for adrenal-dependent cases treated with trilostane. [14]