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He shifted the hour of the celebration to after sunset and restructured the service. [17] The Paschal candle is the center of the service of new fire, rather than a three-branched candle of medieval origin that had existed only for use in this service; the congregation lights its own candles as well, a participatory innovation. The water is ...
Pius I (Greek: Πίος) was the bishop of Rome from c. 140 to his death c. 154, [1] according to the Annuario Pontificio. His dates are listed as 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively. [ 2 ] He is considered to have opposed both the Valentinians and Gnostics during his papacy.
Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a consistory to create new cardinals, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so 17 times in as many years. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with Dennis Joseph Dougherty of Philadelphia being the only living U.S. cardinal.
Pius X was known for his firm demeanour and sense of personal poverty, reflected by his membership of the Third Order of Saint Francis. [7] He regularly gave sermons from the pulpit, a rare practice at the time. [b] After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees, long before the Italian government acted. [7]
Addressing the problems of racism and anti-semitism in 1939, Pius XII said: What a wonderful vision, which makes us contemplate the human race in the unity of its origin in God in the unity of its nature, composed equally in all men of a material body and a spiritual soul; in the unity of its immediate end and its mission in the world; in the unity of its dwelling, the earth, whose benefits ...
The great number of vocations led Pius to issue several admonitions to Bishops, to weed out candidates with moral weaknesses. [17] He founded several seminaries in Rome, to ensure that only the best are admitted to the priestly service. Lazy priests or priests who did not perform were punished or dismissed from their service. [18]
Pius is best remembered in connection with the expansion of the Pio-Clementine Museum, which was begun at the suggestion of his predecessor Clement XIV; and with an attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes, [7] but Pius VI did successfully drain the marshes near Città della Pieve, Perugia, and Spoleto. He also restored the Via Appia. [11]
Pius XI responded that he could not do so because Spain already had the habitual number of cardinals (set at four) with two of them fixed (Toledo and Seville) and the other two variable. Pius XI recommended that Alfonso XIII wait for a future occasion, but he never did make the archbishop a cardinal, and not until 2007 was the diocese given a ...