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Monarda clinopodia, commonly known as white bergamot, basil bee balm or white bee balm, is a perennial wildflower in the mint family, Lamiaceae. This species is native to North America, ranging north from New York, west to Missouri, and south to Georgia and Alabama. [1] M. clinopodia has also been introduced into Vermont and Massachusetts. [2]
Monarda fistulosa, the wild bergamot or bee balm, [3] is a wildflower in the mint family Lamiaceae, widespread and abundant as a native plant in much of North America. [4] This plant, with showy summer-blooming pink to lavender flowers, is often used as a honey plant , medicinal plant , and garden ornamental . [ 5 ]
Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. [3] The genus is endemic to North America. [2] [4] Common names include bergamot, bee balm, horsemint, and oswego tea, the first being inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia).
The flowers of Monarda bradburiana produce copious quantities of nectar and are attractive to bumblebees and other long-tongued bees, butterflies, hummingbird moths, beeflies and hummingbirds. Pollen is harvested by halictid bees which cannot reach the nectar, and a specialist pollinator is Doufourea monardae , a small black bee.
The flowers are reddish-purple, pink, or white, with four petals and six long stamens. [7] The fruit is a capsule 3–6 cm (1–2.5 in) long containing several seeds. [13] [14] Flowering lasts an extended period because it begins at the bottom of the stalk and works its way up. The onset of flowering and seed pods comes at the same time. [10]
A honey bee collecting nectar from an apricot flower.. The nectar resource in a given area depends on the kinds of flowering plants present and their blooming periods. Which kinds grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum winter temperature, and growing degre
Cold stratification simulates the natural process by subjecting seed to a cool (ideally +1 to +3 °C [34 to 37 degrees Fahrenheit]) moist environment for a period one to three months. Seeds are placed in a medium such as vermiculite , peat , or sand and refrigerated in a plastic bag or sealed container. [ 1 ]
Solanum nigrum, the European black nightshade or simply black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, [1] is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa.