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In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures (abbreviated EN 1991 or, informally, EC 1) describes how to design load-bearing structures. It includes characteristic values for various types of loads and densities for all materials which are likely to be used in construction.
Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. [ 1 ]
Section 3 of EN 1998-1 gives the rules for the representation of seismic actions and for their combination with other actions. Certain types of structures, dealt with in EN 1998-2 to EN 1998-6, need complementing rules which are given in those Parts. Section 4 of EN 1998-1 contains general design rules relevant specifically to buildings.
The Eurocodes are the ten European standards ... Snow loads (EN 1991-1-3) ... These Parts 2 should be used in combination with the appropriate general Parts (Parts 1
A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors (weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios.
Eurocode Load Combinations for Single-Storey Buildings [7] Case Load Combination Permanent + imposed load 1.35G k + 1.5Q k + EHF Permanent + snow load 1.35G k + 1.5S k + EHF Permanent + snow plus wind 1.35G k + 1.5S k + 0.75W k + EHF Permanent + wind plus snow 1.35G k + 1.5W k + 0.75S k + EHF Permanent + wind plus minimum vertical load 1.0G k ...
Eurocode 0 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to EN 1999 for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire design, situations involving earthquakes, execution and temporary structures.
A load case is a combination of different types of loads with safety factors applied to them. A structure is checked for strength and serviceability against all the load cases it is likely to experience during its lifetime. Typical load cases for design for strength (ultimate load cases; ULS) are: 1.2 x Dead Load + 1.6 x Live Load