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The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). During his reign, Admiral Zheng He led a gigantic maritime tributary fleet abroad on the seven treasure voyages.. In premodern times, the theory of foreign relations of China held that the Chinese Empire was the Celestial Dynasty, the center of world civilization, with the Emperor of China being the leader of the civilized world.
Chinese imperialism refers to the expansion of China's political, economic, and cultural influence beyond the boundaries of the People's Republic of China.Depending on the commentator, it has also been used to refer to its artificial islands in the South China Sea [1] and the persecution of Uyghurs in China.
The Bandung Conference in 1955, at which Zhou led the Chinese delegation, was an important milestone for China's foreign relations. [75]: 80 China developed its foreign relations with many newly independent and soon-to-be independent countries. [75]: 80 China termed this cooperative approach the "Bandung Line."
Asian Waters: The Struggle Over the South China Sea and the Strategy of Chinese Expansion (2018) excerpt; Mancall, Mark. China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy (1984) Reeves, Jeffrey. "Imperialism and the Middle Kingdom: the Xi Jinping administration's peripheral diplomacy with developing states." Third World Quarterly 39.5 (2018 ...
The tributary system of China (simplified Chinese: 中华朝贡体系, traditional Chinese: 中華朝貢體系, pinyin: Zhōnghuá cháogòng tǐxì), or Cefeng system (simplified Chinese: 册封体制; traditional Chinese: 冊封體制; pinyin: Cèfēng tǐzhì) at its height was a network of loose international relations centered around China ...
Foreign concessions in China were a group of concessions that existed during late Imperial China and the Republic of China, which were governed and occupied by foreign powers, and are frequently associated with colonialism and imperialism. The concessions had extraterritoriality and were enclaves inside key cities that became treaty ports. All ...
As China's relations with the superpowers have changed, so have its ties with other developed nations. An example of this is that more than a dozen developed countries, including the Germany, Spain, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, all established diplomatic relations with China after the Sino-American rapprochement in the early 1970s.
The New Middle Kingdom: China and the Early American Romance of Free Trade (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017). Kissinger, Henry. On China (2011) excerpt; Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The history of early relations between the United States and China, 1784–1844 (1917) online; Li, Jing. China's America: The Chinese View the United States ...