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The French conquest of Vietnam 1 (1858–1885) was a series of military expeditions that pitted the Second French Empire, later the French Third Republic, against the Vietnamese empire of Đại Nam in the mid-late 19th century.
French Indochina was officially formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia following the Sino-French war (1884–1885). Jean Antoine Ernest Constans became the first Governor-General of French Indochina on 16 November 1887.
On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan launched a coup d'etat against the French Indochina colonial administration to prevent a potential uprising by the colonial forces. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos were established as independent states, members of Japan's Greater East ...
Until 1949, the French divided Vietnam into three parts: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China. Việt Minh leader Ho Chi Minh in 1946. 1947–1950 in French Indochina focuses on events influencing the eventual decision for military intervention by the United States in the First Indochina War. In 1947, France still ruled Indochina as a colonial power ...
The treaty created the protectorates of Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin (northern Vietnam), and a colony in southern Vietnam. It formed the basis of French colonial rule in Vietnam during the next seven decades and was negotiated by Jules Patenôtre, France's minister to China; it is often known as the Patenôtre Treaty.
Map showing the territorial evolution of French Indochina; the region in the south marked "1862–67" was ceded in the Treaty of Saigon (1862).. The Treaty of Saigon (French: Traité de Saïgon, Vietnamese: Hòa ước Nhâm Tuất, referring to the year of "Yang Water Dog" in the sexagenary cycle) was signed on 5 June 1862 between representatives of the colonial powers, France and Spain, and ...
The Treaty of Saigon was signed on 15 March 1874 by the Third French Republic and the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam. Vietnam made economic and territorial concessions to France, while France waived a previous war indemnity and promised military protection against China. The treaty effectively made Vietnam a protectorate of France.
During the 1840s, persecution or harassment of Catholic missionaries in Vietnam by the Vietnamese emperors Minh Mạng and Thiệu Trị evoked only sporadic and unofficial French response and decisive steps towards military incursions and an eventual establishment of a French colonial empire in Indochina was not taken until 1858. [8]