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T-tubule structure and function are affected beat-by-beat by cardiomyocyte contraction, [2] as well as by diseases, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing.
Telethonin, also known as Tcap, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCAP gene. [5] [6] [7] Telethonin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle at Z-discs and functions to regulate sarcomere assembly, T-tubule function and apoptosis.
In the histology of skeletal muscle, a triad is the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side. [1] Each skeletal muscle fiber has many thousands of triads, visible in muscle fibers that have been sectioned longitudinally. (This property holds because T tubules run ...
A T-tubule surrounded by two terminal cisternae is called a triad. The terminal cisternae, along with the transverse tubules, are the mechanisms of transduction from a nervous impulse to an actual muscle contraction .
Within the t-tubules, distinct ion channels and cellular proteins are present within the t- tubule bilayer that allow movement of calcium influx from the extracellular space into the myocyte to initiate depolarization and contraction. Once traveling through the t- tubules, the calcium arrives at the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The functions of T-tubules include rapidly transmitting electrical impulses known as action potentials from the cell surface to the cell's core, and helping to regulate the concentration of calcium within the cell in a process known as excitation-contraction coupling. [9]
Early in development, there is a high amount of expression of T-type calcium channels. During maturation of the nervous system, the expression of N or L-type currents becomes more prominent. [ 15 ] As a result, mature neurons express more calcium channels that will only be activated when the cell is significantly depolarized .
T tubule: transverse intracellular tubules invaginating from the cell membrane and surrounding the myofibrils of the T system of skeletal and cardiac muscle, serving as a pathway for the spread of electrical excitation within a muscle cell; Trachea: tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids