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Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs. [2] The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, the 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology.
The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism. Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. [2]
[1] [2] [3] Metabolic gene clusters are common features of bacterial [4] and most fungal [5] genomes. They are less often found in other [ 6 ] organisms. They are most widely known for producing secondary metabolites , the source or basis of most pharmaceutical compounds, natural toxins , chemical communication, and chemical warfare between ...
The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is perhaps the most extensive public metabolomic spectral database to date [30] and is a freely available electronic database (www.hmdb.ca) containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. It is intended to be used for applications in metabolomics, clinical chemistry ...
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. [1] The term is usually used for small molecules.Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and ...
[2] [3] In other words, there is both an endogenous metabolome and an exogenous metabolome. The endogenous metabolome can be further subdivided to include a "primary" and a "secondary" metabolome (particularly when referring to plant or microbial metabolomes). A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and ...
Human drug metabolites (2 C, 188 P) M. Morphine (15 P) O. Opioid metabolites (19 P) P. Human pathological metabolites (1 C, 12 P) Phenolic human metabolites (22 P) R.
3 is equivalent to NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O. Thus, the overall equation of the urea cycle is: NH 3 + CO 2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 3 H 2 O → urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 P i + AMP + PP i + H 2 O; Since fumarate is obtained by removing NH 3 from aspartate (by means of reactions 3 and 4), and PP i + H 2 O → 2 P i, the equation can be simplified as ...