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Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and after oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries). Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications , chemotherapy , proton pump inhibitors , selective serotonin ...
Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between the bone resorption activities of osteoclasts and the bone formation activities of osteoblasts. [ 23 ] Osteoclast activity is also mediated by the interaction of two molecules produced by osteoblasts, namely osteoprotegerin and RANK ligand .
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
Bone resorption is an integral part of both physiological and pathological processes. [21] Pathological bone resorption could be limited (local) which is induced by local inflammation, [22] for example, trauma or infection, resorption activated local factors, including growth factors, cytokines, prostaglandins, etc., are simultaneously triggered.
In normal bone, fractures occur when there is significant force applied or repetitive trauma over a long time. Fractures can also occur when a bone is weakened, such as with osteoporosis, or when there is a structural problem, such as when the bone remodels excessively (such as Paget's disease) or is the site of the growth of cancer. [79]
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) [9] originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among other cell types. [10] Thus, it is thought that BMAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis. [11]
In one study, people who ate roughly 1 to 2 ounces of walnuts daily for one year experienced a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol. Nutrients to Focus On for Heart Health Plant-Based Protein.
Peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life. [1] It typically occurs in the early 20s in females and late 20s in males. [2] Peak bone mass is typically lower in females than males, and is also lower in White people and Asians compared to black populations. [1]