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Case history; Prior: Groetzinger v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 793 (1984); affirmed, 771 F.2d 269 (7th Cir. 1985); cert. granted, 475 U.S. 1080 (1986).: Holding; Under the terms of § 162(a), tax deductions should be granted for all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business for tax purposes.
A poll tax, also called a per capita tax, or capitation tax, is a tax that levies a set amount per individual. It is an example of the concept of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of the poll tax. Poll taxes are administratively cheap because ...
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer and the type of income.
Tax-advantaged retirement accounts where contributions may be tax-deductible, and growth is tax-deferred until withdrawal. Retirement plans such as a 401(k) and 403(b)
Tax shift or tax swap is a change in taxation that eliminates or reduces one or several taxes and establishes or increases others while keeping the overall revenue the same. [1] The term can refer to desired shifts, such as towards Pigovian taxes (typically sin taxes and ecotaxes ) as well as (perceived or real) undesired shifts, such as a ...
Therefore, for purposes of the above definitions, "government spending" and "tax revenue" are normally replaced by "cyclically adjusted government spending" and "cyclically adjusted tax revenue". Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral and effective ...
Texas residents may pay no income tax but do have to deal with a 6.25% sales tax rate and property taxes that are among the highest in the nation. In addition, Texas’s minimum wage is only $7.25 ...
Specific utility taxes - in this case, certain services are provided on a utility basis and consumers are charged fees, user charges, or tolls. Taxes instead of fees - In cases where direct fees are costly to impose, a tax on the free product can be used instead of fees. For example, taxes can be used in lieu of tolls on automobiles.