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Michael Alan Messner (born 1952) is an American sociologist.His main areas of research are gender (especially men's studies) and the sociology of sports.He is the author of several books, he gives public speeches and teaches on issues of gender-based violence, the lives of men and boys, and gender and sports.
Youth athletics also affected the lives of boys as it could be used to define masculinity. [43] Sports were a way to promote bravery, and were tied to masculinity through Muscular Christianity. [43] Sports were even thought to reduce degeneracy as boys were thought to be becoming less brave than their forefathers by some. [43]
psychic pressure cooker: masculinity has been directly tied to bottling up of emotions. Only anger has been considered a valid male emotion past experience: the past experiences of men affect their attitudes towards violence. i.e. growing up in a violent household will teach a young boy that violence is an accepted part of life.
Harold Lloyd at the bottom of a pile on in the 1925 comedy film The Freshman, about a college student trying to become popular by joining the football team. In the United States and Canada, a jock is a stereotype of an athlete, or someone who is consumed by sports and sports culture, and does not take much interest in intellectual pursuits or other activities.
For instance, the sports world may elicit more traditionally normative masculinities in participants than would other settings. [59] Men who exhibit a tough and aggressive masculinity on the sports field may display a softer masculinity in familial contexts. Masculinities vary by social class as well.
Female sports, expressing the concepts of femininity, are often characterised with flexibility and balance, such as gymnastics or aesthetic sports like dance. Conversely, male sports constitute the idea of masculinity, which is portrayed through strength, speed, aggression and power, such as in football and basketball. [187] [188] [189]
Hegemonic masculinity is not completely dominant, however, as it only exists in relation to non-hegemonic, subordinated forms of masculinity. [9] The most salient example of this approach in contemporary European and American society is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men.
Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on sports as social phenomena. It is an area of study concerned with the relationship between sociology and sports , and also various socio-cultural structures, patterns, and organizations or groups involved with sport.