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There are two basic types of pruning cuts, heading and thinning. Heading removes the end of shoots or limbs and stimulates regrowth near the cut. This results in thick compact growth and a loss of ...
Pruning is a horticultural, arboricultural, and silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of certain parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, or roots. The practice entails the targeted removal of diseased , damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted plant material from crop and landscape plants .
Thinning from below – this low thinning can be split into 4 Grades: A Grade is a very light thinning, that removes all overtopped trees Kraft crown class 4 and 5. B Grade is a very light thinning that removes overtopped trees and intermediates which are Kraft Crown class 4,5 and some 3s, C Grade and D Grade are a moderate and heavy thinning respectively removing anything that will not lead ...
Events such as storms or incorrect pruning activity can cause damage to the branch collar [11] When the trunk collar is injured, the trunk xylem below it is rapidly infected and decays. [1] Within the branch collar there is a narrow cone of cells known as the branch defence zone, these cells activate the development of wood wound which is a ...
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Fissure is a lesion in the skin that is usually narrow but deep. [29] [33] Induration is dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer. [29] Atrophy refers to a loss of skin, and can be epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous. [30] With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin, translucent, and wrinkled. [29]
Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, or PVA, indicates that extra or altered skin pigmentation ("poikiloderma") [10] is occurring, associated with heightened visibity of capillaries ("vasculare", referring to telangiectasia) under the skin, related to thinning and wasting away ("atrophicans") of the skin and its tissue. Telangiectasia is an ...
Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers. [6] [7] [8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing ...