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Particle velocity (denoted v or SVL) is the velocity of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. The SI unit of particle velocity is the metre per second (m/s). In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound , but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string.
For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves , experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation .
In a sound wave, the complementary variable to sound pressure is the particle velocity. Together, they determine the sound intensity of the wave. Sound intensity, denoted I and measured in W·m −2 in SI units, is defined by =, where p is the sound pressure, v is the particle velocity.
Stokes's first definition of wave celerity has, for a pure wave motion, the mean value of the horizontal Eulerian flow-velocity Ū E at any location below trough level equal to zero. Due to the irrotationality of potential flow, together with the horizontal sea bed and periodicity the mean horizontal velocity, the mean horizontal velocity is a ...
The Stokes drift velocity ū S, which is the particle drift after one wave cycle divided by the period, can be estimated using the results of linear theory: [38] u ¯ S = 1 2 σ k a 2 cosh 2 k ( z + h ) sinh 2 k h e k , {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {u} }}_{S}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\sigma ka^{2}{\frac {\cosh 2k(z+h)}{\sinh ^{2}kh}}\mathbf {e ...
In physics, the acoustic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that governs the propagation of acoustic waves through a material medium resp. a standing wavefield. The equation describes the evolution of acoustic pressure p or particle velocity u as a function of position x and time t. A simplified (scalar) form of the ...
The velocity structure of the Earth. The red line is the P-wave velocity, the blue line is the S-wave velocity, and the green line density. (Data was adopted from the RockHound Python library.) Seismic velocity structure is the distribution and variation of seismic wave speeds within Earth's and other planetary bodies' subsurface.
De Broglie identified the velocity of the particle, v, with the wave group velocity in free space: = (/) (The modern definition of group velocity uses angular frequency ω and wave number k ). By applying the differentials to the energy equation and identifying the relativistic momentum : p = m v 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle p={\frac {mv}{\sqrt ...