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2. Topaz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz

   Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]

3. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

   This is a list of gemstones, organized by species and types. ... Topaz; Tourmaline subgroup: Achroite (var.) Chrome ... Color (beta) Automatic. Light.

4. List of individual gemstones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones

   American Golden Topaz, the largest cut yellow topaz, weighing nearly 23,000 carats (4.6 kg). Chalmers Topaz, a 5,899.5-carat ... List of individual gemstones.

5. List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state...

   In 1986, California named benitoite as its state gemstone, a form of the mineral barium titanium silicate that is unique to the Golden State and only found in gem quality in San Benito County. [80] ^ Colorado is the only state whose geological symbols reflect the national flag's colors: red (rhodochrosite), white (yule marble), and blue ...

6. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Even the same named gemstone can occur in many different colors: sapphires show different shades of blue and pink and "fancy sapphires" exhibit a whole range of other colors from yellow to orange-pink, the latter called "padparadscha sapphire". [39] This difference in color is based on the atomic structure of the stone.

7. Pleochroism - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleochroism

   Pleochroism is an extremely useful tool in mineralogy and gemology for mineral and gem identification, since the number of colors visible from different angles can identify the possible crystalline structure of a gemstone or mineral and therefore help to classify it. Minerals that are otherwise very similar often have very different pleochroic ...