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  2. Caligae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligae

    Like all Roman footwear, the caliga was flat-soled. It was laced up the center of the foot and onto the top of the ankle. The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville believed that the name "caliga" derived from the Latin callus ("hard leather"), or else from the fact that the boot was laced or tied on (ligere). Strapwork styles varied from maker to ...

  3. Calceus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calceus

    Calcei in a Roman fresco from Paestum, in southern Italy. The calceus (pl.: calcei) was the common upper-class male footwear of the Roman Republic and Empire. Normally made of leather and hobnailed, it was flat soled and typically reached the lower shin, entirely covering the foot and ankle. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces.

  4. Calceology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calceology

    Calceology comprises the examination, registration, research and conservation of leather shoe fragments. [1] A wider definition includes the general study of the ancient footwear, its social and cultural history, technical aspects of pre-industrial shoemaking and associated leather trades, as well as reconstruction of archaeological footwear.

  5. Roman military personal equipment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_personal...

    Re-enactor with Pompeii-type gladius The Mainz Gladius on display at the British Museum, London. Gladius is the general Latin word for 'sword'. In the Roman Republic, the term gladius Hispaniensis (Spanish sword) referred (and still refers) specifically to the short sword, 60 cm (24 inches) long, used by Roman legionaries from the 3rd century BC.

  6. Sagittarii - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarii

    It has been suggested that most Roman composite bows may have been asymmetric, with lower limbs shorter than the upper. [7] By the 5th century, there were numerous Roman cavalry regiments trained to use the bow as a supplement to their swords and lances, but the sagittarii appear to have used the bow as their primary rather than supplemental ...

  7. Clothing in ancient Rome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome

    The Romans had two methods of converting animal skins to leather: tanning produced a soft, supple brown leather; tawing in alum and salt produced a soft, pale leather that readily absorbed dyes. Both these processes produced a strong, unpleasant odour, so tanners' and tawers' shops were usually placed well away from urban centres.

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  9. Ancient Roman military clothing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_military...

    Caligae, heavy-soled military shoes or sandals which were worn by Roman legionary soldiers and auxiliaries throughout the history of the Roman Republic and Empire. The focale, a scarf worn by the Roman legionary to protect the neck from chafing caused by constant contact with the soldier's armor