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If d is the greatest common divisor of a and m then the linear congruence ax ≡ b (mod m) has solutions if and only if d divides b. If d divides b, then there are exactly d solutions. [7] A modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a with respect to the modulus m is a solution of the linear congruence ().
For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problems to complicated scientific problems; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; and they are used in calculus and ...
Fermat's Last Theorem considers solutions to the Fermat equation: a n + b n = c n with positive integers a, b, and c and an integer n greater than 2. There are several generalizations of the Fermat equation to more general equations that allow the exponent n to be a negative integer or rational, or to consider three different exponents.
However, Square brackets, as in = 3, are sometimes used to denote the floor function, which rounds a real number down to the next integer. Conversely, some authors use outwards pointing square brackets to denote the ceiling function, as in ]π[ = 4. Braces, as in {π} < 1 / 7, may denote the fractional part of a real number.
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous.In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic [1] – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. [2]
Integer square root – Greatest integer less than or equal to square root; Methods of computing square roots – Algorithms for calculating square roots; Power of two – Two raised to an integer power; Pythagorean triple – Integer side lengths of a right triangle; Quadratic residue – Integer that is a perfect square modulo some integer
If k is an odd integer, then 3k + 1 is even, so 3k + 1 = 2 a k ′ with k ′ odd and a ≥ 1. The Syracuse function is the function f from the set I of positive odd integers into itself, for which f(k) = k ′ (sequence A075677 in the OEIS). Some properties of the Syracuse function are: For all k ∈ I, f(4k + 1) = f(k). (Because 3(4k + 1) + 1 ...
Order of operations. In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.