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  2. Reforms of French orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography

    16th century. Spelling and punctuation before the 16th century was highly erratic, but the introduction of printing in 1470 provoked the need for uniformity. Several Renaissance humanists (working with publishers) proposed reforms in French orthography, the most famous being Jacques Peletier du Mans who developed a phonemic-based spelling ...

  3. French orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography

    French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.

  4. Passé simple - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passé_simple

    t. e. The passé simple ( French pronunciation: [pase sɛ̃pl], simple past, preterite, or past historic ), also called the passé défini ( IPA: [pase defini], definite past ), is the literary equivalent of the passé composé in the French language, used predominantly in formal writing (including history and literature) and formal speech.

  5. Punctuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation

    Orthography, the category of written conventions that includes punctuation as well as spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, and emphasis. Scribal abbreviations, abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin. Terminal punctuation. History of sentence spacing for typographical details.

  6. French conjugation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conjugation

    v. t. e. French conjugation refers to the variation in the endings of French verbs ( inflections) depending on the person (I, you, we, etc), tense (present, future, etc.) and mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). Most verbs are regular and can be entirely determined by their infinitive form (ex. parler) however irregular verbs require ...

  7. Passé composé - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passé_composé

    French language. The passé composé ( pronounced [pase kɔ̃poze]; 'compound past') is a past tense in the modern French language. It is used to express an action that has been finished completely or incompletely at the time of speech, or at some (possibly unknown) time in the past. It originally corresponded in function to the English present ...

  8. Circumflex in French - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex_in_French

    The circumflex (ˆ) is one of the five diacritics used in French orthography. It may appear on the vowels a, e, i, o, and u, for example â in pâté . The circumflex, called accent circonflexe, has three primary functions in French: It affects the pronunciation of a, e, and o.

  9. The Simple Past - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simple_Past

    The Simple Past (Le passé simple) is a French novel by the Moroccan writer Driss Chraïbi.It was first published by the Gallimard in 1954.. The novel received widespread attention, in Morocco and France, due to its controversial themes and defiant expression and was harshly criticized by conservatives in both countries alike, but today it is considered a classic.