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Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country.
DFFITS. In statistics, DFFIT and DFFITS ("difference in fit (s)") are diagnostics meant to show how influential a point is in a linear regression, first proposed in 1980. [ 1] DFFIT is the change in the predicted value for a point, obtained when that point is left out of the regression: where and are the prediction for point i with and without ...
In the standard language ( 표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.
Horizontal inequality. Horizontal inequality is the inequality—economical, social or other—that does not follow from a difference in an inherent quality such as intelligence, attractiveness or skills for people or profitability for corporations. In sociology, this is particularly applicable to forced inequality between different subcultures ...
Horizontal escalation is a direct contrast to vertical escalation which employs types of weapons not previously used in the conflict. That type of escalation also allows attacking new types of targets in order to have an upper hand to the other combatant. [1] During the Cold War, the risks associated with using escalation were much broader and ...
Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation) Horizontal and vertical commonly refers a concept about orientation in mathematics, geography, physics and other sciences, with the vertical typically being defined by the direction of gravity, and with the horizontal being perpendicular to the vertical. Horizontal and vertical may also refer to: