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In a number of cases, treaties signed with Native Americans were violated. Tens of thousands of American Indians and Alaska Natives were forced to attend a residential school system which sought to reeducate them in white-settler American values, culture, and economy. [91] [92] [93]
Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania, c. 1900. American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture.
Separation of children from their families with the goal "to destroy the identity of a group," partially or completely, is specifically included in the 1948 Genocide Convention's definition of genocide. The boarding schools' assimilationist goals were explicitly genocidal to the extent that these schools were intentionally designed to "kill the ...
Quakers were staunch proponents of assimilating Native children and ran more than 30 Native boarding schools, advocating for removing children from their families and supporting this form of ...
During the American Indian Wars, the American Army carried out a number of massacres and forced relocations of indigenous peoples that are sometimes considered genocide. [193] The 1864 Sand Creek Massacre , which caused outrage in its own time, has been regarded as a genocide.
Beginning in the late 19th century, it traces the history of the United States and Canadian governments establishing Indian boarding schools or residential schools, respectively, where Native American children were required to attend, to encourage their study of English, conversion to Christianity, and assimilation to the majority culture. The ...
Children who were subjected to the residential school system came to feel ashamed of who they were due to teachings that were acts of cultural genocide. The hierarchy of power was deeply engrained in the minds of Indigenous children, with dominant societal views reiterating the idea that Indigeneity was shameful and less than others. [ 1 ]
According to North American Genocides, edited by Clarke et al., many American scholars deny Indigenous genocide in the Americas, despite agreement from international scholars that it occurred. [44] American historian Ned Blackhawk said that nationalist historiographies have been forms of denial that erase the history of destruction of European ...