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  2. Muffle furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffle_furnace

    An Automatic Oil Muffle Furnace, circa 1910. Petroleum is contained in tank A, and is kept under pressure by pumping at intervals with the wooden handle, so that when the valve B is opened, the oil is vaporized by passing through a heating coil at the furnace entrance, and when ignited burns fiercely as a gas flame.

  3. HIsarna ironmaking process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIsarna_ironmaking_process

    The HIsarna ironmaking process is a direct reduced iron process for iron making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron ().The process combines two process units, the Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) for ore melting and pre-reduction and a Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV) where the final reduction stage to liquid iron takes place.

  4. Smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting

    Smelting is a process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired base metal product. [1] It is a form of extractive metallurgy that is used to obtain many metals such as iron , copper , silver , tin , lead and zinc .

  5. Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submerged-arc_furnace_for...

    The ferrophosphorus is tapped off, usually once per day. Slag, however, is continuously tapped through two alternating, water-cooled tap holes located 400 mm above the furnace floor. The feed material forms the major electrical and flow resistance of the smelting furnace circuit.

  6. Flash smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_smelting

    Flash smelting (Finnish: Liekkisulatus, literally "flame-smelting") is a smelting process for sulfur-containing ores [1] including chalcopyrite. The process was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at the Harjavalta plant in 1949 for smelting copper ore. [2] [3] It has also been adapted for nickel and lead production. [2]

  7. ISASMELT - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISASMELT

    The smelter was commissioned in 1996 [1] and was designed to produce 60,000 t/y of copper (450,000 t/y of copper concentrate), [45] but by increasing the oxygen content of the lance air and making modifications to other equipment, the ISASMELT furnace feed rate was increased to the point where the smelter was producing 180,000 t/y of copper. [12]

  8. Foundry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry

    The Iron Foundry, Burmeister & Wain, by Peder Severin Krøyer, 1885 A Foundryman, pictured by Daniel A. Wehrschmidt in 1899. A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings.

  9. Bessemer process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process

    Bessemer converter, schematic diagram. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also ...