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Prophylactic use of ribavirin and favipiravir in early infection or post-exposure show some efficacy, and both have shown some anti-hantavirus activity in vivo and in vitro. Ribavirin is effective in the early treatment of HFRS with some limitations such as toxicity at high doses and the potential to cause hemolytic anemia. [2]
There is often associated vomiting. [9] Chronic pyelonephritis causes persistent flank or abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever, unintentional weight loss, malaise, decreased appetite), lower urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine. [10] Chronic pyelonephritis can in addition cause fever of unknown origin.
“The body aches related to an infection such as pharyngitis (sore throat) or flu are related to the immune system’s response to the infection,” says Stephen Parodi, M.D., infectious disease ...
Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: Swelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face; Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia) Polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause: Pain in the back or side
This disease is also caused by other diseases and toxins that damage the kidney. Both acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis can be caused by a bacterial infection in the kidneys known as pyelonephritis , but the most common cause is by an adverse reaction to a medication.
Kidney disease usually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option.
Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys. [ 5 ] Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney.
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]