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  2. Free will in antiquity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will_in_antiquity

    Free will in antiquity is a philosophical and theological concept. Free will in antiquity was not discussed in the same terms as used in the modern free will debates, but historians of the problem have speculated who exactly was first to take positions as determinist, libertarian, and compatibilist in antiquity. [1]

  3. Free will - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

    The problem of free will has been identified in ancient Greek philosophical literature. The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to both Aristotle (4th century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE): "it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them".

  4. Aristotle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle

    Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism rather than like a machine, and as a collection of parts none of which can exist without the others. Aristotle's conception of the city is organic, and he is considered one of the first to conceive of the city in this manner. [144] Aristotle's classifications of political constitutions.

  5. Foundationalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism

    The main rival of the foundationalist theory of justification is the coherence theory of justification, whereby a body of knowledge, not requiring a secure foundation, can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved without prior certainty that each small region was solved correctly.

  6. Aristotelianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism

    Aristotelianism (/ ˌ ær ɪ s t ə ˈ t iː l i ə n ɪ z əm / ARR-i-stə-TEE-lee-ə-niz-əm) is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.

  7. Theory of forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_forms

    Plato is depicted pointing upwards, in reference to his belief in the higher Forms, while Aristotle disagrees and gestures downwards to the here-and-now, in reference to his belief in empiricism. The topic of Aristotle's criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms is a large one and continues to expand. Rather than quote Plato, Aristotle often summarized.

  8. Libertarianism (metaphysics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)

    One particularly influential contemporary theory of libertarian free will is that of Robert Kane. [ 30 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Kane argued that "(1) the existence of alternative possibilities (or the agent's power to do otherwise) is a necessary condition for acting freely, and that (2) determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities (it ...

  9. Protrepticus (Aristotle) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)

    Like many of Aristotle's lost works, Protrepticus was likely written as a Socratic dialogue, in a similar format to the works of Plato.There is good evidence that several of the nineteen works that stand at the head of Diogenes' and Hesychius' lists were dialogues; it may be inferred with high probability, though not with certainty, that the others were so too, but Stobaeus, pp. 59, 61 infra ...