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Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders. [1] [2] It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis.
Idiopathic osteosclerosis, also known as enostosis or dense bone island, is a condition which may be found around the roots of a tooth, usually a premolar or molar. [2] It is usually painless and found during routine radiographs as an amorphous radiopaque (light) area around a tooth.
More than 80% of patients also reported abnormalities of the skull. Common symptoms include craniofacial hyperostosis, which is the excessive growth of bone in the skull and face. Skull base sclerosis, periorbital sclerosis, hypoplastic mandibular condyle, and absent paranasal or frontal sinuses are present in rare cases. [6] [7]
Lichen sclerosus, an inflammatory skin disease that most often affects the vulva and the penis. Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, [2] is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination. Osteosclerosis, a condition where the bone density is significantly increased, resulting in decreased lucency on radiographs.
Condensing osteitis, also known as focal sclerosing osteomyelitis, is a rare periapical inflammatory condition characterized by the formation of sclerotic bone near the roots of premolars and molars. This condition arises as a response to dental infections, such as periapical pulp inflammation or low-intensity trauma.
Axial osteosclerosis, also known as osteomesopyknosis, is a bone disorder that causes osteosclerosis on the axial spine, pelvis and proximal part of the long bones. It is an autosomal-dominant disease. As of 2024, the exact causes were unknown. [1]
Osteoarthritis is age-related loss of the smooth surface of the bone where it moves against another bone (cartilage of the joint). [ 3 ] [ 5 ] In reaction to the loss of cartilage, the bones thicken at the joint surface, resulting in subchondral sclerosis.
Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone overgrowth. It was first described in 1958 [1] [2] but given the current name in 1967. [3] Excessive bone formation is most prominent in the skull, mandible and tubular bones. [1] It can cause facial distortion and syndactyly. [1]