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Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration, increased tolerance with use, and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. [12] Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation ...
An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. [3][5] This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. [3] Other symptoms include small pupils ...
Total drug overdose deaths in the United States. There is an ongoing opioid epidemic (also known as the opioid crisis) in the United States, originating out of both medical prescriptions and illegal sources. It has been called "one of the most devastating public health catastrophes of our time". The opioid epidemic unfolded in three waves.
Amphetamine dependence refers to a state of psychological dependence on a drug in the amphetamine class. [1] [2] Stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine do not cause somatic symptoms upon cessation of use but rather neurological -based mental symptoms. [3] Signs of amphetamine intoxication manifest themselves in euphoria, hypersexuality ...
Opioid-related deaths in Ontario had increased by 242% from 1969 to 2014. [132] By 2009 in Ontario there were more deaths from oxycodone overdoses than from cocaine overdoses. [133] Deaths from opioid pain relievers had increased from 13.7 deaths per million residents in 1991 to 27.2 deaths per million residents in 2004. [134]
Opioid agonist therapy. Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is a treatment in which prescribed opioid agonists are given to patients who live with Opioid use disorder (OUD). [1] In the case of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), methadone is used to treat dependence on heroin or other opioids, and is administered on an ongoing basis. [2]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022 [1]) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. It is an internationally accepted manual on the diagnosis and treatment of ...
Opioid withdrawal. Suboxone tablet (Buprenorphine / naloxone) delivers the opioid drug through a sublingual route, giving fast onset of effects. Opioid withdrawal is a set of symptoms (a syndrome) arising from the sudden withdrawal or reduction of opioids where previous usage has been heavy and prolonged. [1][2] Signs and symptoms of withdrawal ...