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Labels must conform with WHO/FAO guidelines on safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula (WHA resolution 61.20 [2008]). [8] In line with the recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding in WHA resolution 54.2 [2001], [9] all complementary foods must be labeled as suitable for use by infants from six months and not earlier.
A baby being breastfed Video summary of article with script. Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the process where breast milk is fed to a child. [1] [2] Infants may suck the milk directly from the breast, or milk may be extracted with a pump and then fed to the infant.
Breastfeeding, prehistorically, was the only way infants were nourished; there was no acceptable substitute for human milk for a long time. In 1 AD, philosophers were discovering the importance of breast milk versus any substitute. It was concluded that breastfeeding helped the mother and infant establish an emotional connection. [3]
Dopamine agonists are currently the preferred medication for suppressing lactation, which work by suppressing prolactin production. [3] Cabergoline (Dostinex™) is currently most effective option currently available, as it is available as a single dose (as opposed to bromocriptine which must be taken twice daily for 2 weeks.) [4] It may be prescribed in the case of breast abscess.
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Newborns have very immature and small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its bioactives in a very concentrated low-volume form.Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as lymphocytes) [10] and many antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM.
Infant formula An infant being fed from a baby bottle. Infant formula, also called baby formula, simply formula (American English), formula milk, baby milk or infant milk (British English), is a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding to babies and infants under 12 months of age, usually prepared for bottle-feeding or cup-feeding from powder (mixed with water) or liquid (with or ...
The Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) has a "Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of a Donor Human Milk Bank" [24] that establishes exhaustive guidelines for safe milk collection and usage in North America. There are 16 milk banks in North America as of 2014.