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One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the kidneys include assessment of electrolyte levels such as potassium and phosphate, assessment of acid-base status by the measurement of bicarbonate levels from a vein, and assessment of the full blood count for anaemia.
Hence, an older woman with a serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL may actually have a moderately severe chronic kidney disease, whereas a young muscular male can have a normal level of renal function at this serum creatinine level.
The kidney also receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system, [23] by way of the renal branches of the vagus nerve; the function of this is yet unclear. [22] [24] Sensory input from the kidney travels to the T10–11 levels of the spinal cord and is sensed in the corresponding dermatome. [22]
“Once kidney function declines to less than 25 percent of normal function, there can be many symptoms, which reflect the accumulation of toxins and fluid that the kidneys normally excrete as ...
Proper function of the kidney requires that it receives and adequately filters blood. This is performed at the microscopic level by many hundreds of thousands of filtration units called renal corpuscles , each of which is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule .
The Glomerular filtration rate, an estimate of normal kidney function, is usually normalized to body surface area (S). S and V differ markedly between small vs. large people and between men and women. A man and a woman of the same S will have similar levels of GFR, but their values for V may differ by 15-20%.
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Algorithms to estimate GFR from creatinine concentration and other parameters are discussed in the renal function article. Unfortunately, the MDRD Study equation was developed in people with chronic kidney disease, and its major limitations are imprecision and systematic underestimation of measured GFR (bias) at higher/normal values. [20]
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