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According to a study in a book by James Q. Wilson (Varieties of Police Behavior, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served.
The English police: A political and social history (2014). Lyman, J.L. "The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829: An Analysis of Certain Events Influencing the Passage and Character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science (1964) 55#1 pp. 141–154 online; Taylor, James.
The history of law enforcement in the United States includes many efforts at police reform. Early efforts at police reform often involved external commissions, such as the Wickersham Commission, that spelled out reforms but left to the police to implement them, often with limited success. [6]
In Cities in American History, eds. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (1972) pp: 3-13. Richardson, James F. The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901 (Oxford University Press, 1970) Thale, Christopher. "The Informal World of Police Patrol: New York City in the Early Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History (2007) 33#2 pp 183–216.
Among the largest questions remaining about the Department of Justice's civil probe into the city's police department is the reason it began. Timeline of events preceding DOJ scrutiny of police ...
The advent of the police car, two-way radio, and telephone in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to calls for service. [24] In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California, police chief, August Vollmer, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training ...
Newark Advocate history columnist Doug Stout of the Licking County Library tells the story of the city's first police marshal who started in 1835.
The River Police was also merged into the Metropolitan Police that year and renamed Thames Division, expanding from its origins in London's commercial docks to cover the whole section of the River Thames within the MPD - this included the stretch along the south bank of the City of London (since CoLP did not maintain its own river police) and ...