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where the first term represents the load carried by the concrete and the second term represents the load carried by the steel. Because the yield strength of steel is an order of magnitude larger than that of concrete, a small addition of steel will greatly increase the strength of the column. [1]
The tension failure loads predicted by the CCD method fits experimental results over a wide range of embedment depth (e.g. 100 – 600 mm). [2] Anchor load bearing capacity provided by ACI 349 does not consider size effect, thus an underestimated value for the load-carrying capacity is obtained for large embedment depths.
An orthotropic bridge or orthotropic deck is typically one whose fabricated deck consists of a structural steel deck plate stiffened either longitudinally with ribs or transversely, or in both directions. This allows the fabricated deck both to directly bear vehicular loads and to contribute to the bridge structure's overall load-bearing behaviour.
Each assembly has two parallel steel plates joined by welded stringers or tie bars. The assemblies are then moved to the job site and placed with a crane. Finally, the space between the plate walls is filled with concrete. [1] The method provides excellent strength because the steel is on the outside, where tensile forces are often greatest.
Anchor capacity, or load resistance, should be considered for tensile loads (axial), sling angle (angular) and shear loads (transverse). Consideration of different load combinations may result in wide variations required from the lifting insert. The load directions during production, transport and placement should be considered carefully.
Both material strength and buckling influence the load capacity of intermediate members; and The strength of slender (long) members is dominated by their buckling load. Formulas for calculating the buckling strength of slender members were first developed by Euler , while equations like the Perry-Robertson formula are commonly applied to ...
This formula was derived in 1744 by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. [2] The column will remain straight for loads less than the critical load. The critical load is the greatest load that will not cause lateral deflection (buckling). For loads greater than the critical load, the column will deflect laterally.
In general, exact solutions for cantilever plates using plate theory are quite involved and few exact solutions can be found in the literature. Reissner and Stein [7] provide a simplified theory for cantilever plates that is an improvement over older theories such as Saint-Venant plate theory.