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Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more from extensions. Prior to PHP version 5.3.0, functions are not first-class functions and can only be referenced by their name, whereas PHP 5.3.0 introduces closures. [35] User-defined functions can be created at any time and without being prototyped. [35]
Semantics is concerned with the meaning of a program. The standards documents for many programming languages use BNF or some equivalent to express the syntax/grammar in a fairly formal and precise way, but the semantics/meaning of the program is generally described using examples and English prose. This can result in ambiguity. [8]
As of 21 January 2025 (two months after PHP 8.4's release), PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75.0% of websites where the language could be determined; PHP 7 is the most used version of the language with 47.1% of websites using PHP being on that version, while 40.6% use PHP 8, 12.2% use PHP 5 and 0.1% use PHP 4. [19]
The newest version is Zend Engine 4, which was developed for PHP 8. The source code for the Zend Engine has been freely available under the Zend Engine License (although some parts are under the PHP License ) since 1999, [ 5 ] as part of the official releases from php.net, as well as the official git repository or the GitHub mirror.
The PHP Standard Recommendation (PSR) is a PHP specification published by the PHP Framework Interop Group. Similar to Java Specification Request for Java, it serves the standardization of programming concepts in PHP. The aim is to enable interoperability of components and to provide a common technical basis for implementation of proven concepts ...
Symfony is a free and open-source PHP web application framework and a set of reusable PHP component libraries. It was published as free software on October 18, 2005, and released under the MIT License .
Context-free grammars are a special form of Semi-Thue systems that in their general form date back to the work of Axel Thue. The formalism of context-free grammars was developed in the mid-1950s by Noam Chomsky, [3] and also their classification as a special type of formal grammar (which he called phrase-structure grammars). [4]