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Bronchial atresia is a rare congenital disease characterized by segmental or lobar emphysema and, in some cases, mucoid impaction. The exact cause of bronchial atresia is unknown; the lobar bronchi, subsegmental bronchi, and distal bronchioles develop in the fifth, sixth, and sixteenth weeks of fetal development, respectively.
Bronchial atresia is a rare congenital disorder that can have a varied appearance. A bronchial atresia is a defect in the development of the bronchi, affecting one or more bronchi – usually segmental bronchi and sometimes lobar. The defect takes the form of a blind-ended bronchus.
The gloved finger sign has been observed in the imaging of several conditions, including bronchial atresia, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, foreign body aspiration, benign tumors, and malignancies.
Tracheal agenesis (also known as tracheal atresia) is a rare birth defect [2] with a prevalence of less than 1 in 50,000 [3] in which the trachea fails to develop, resulting in an impaired communication between the larynx and the alveoli of the lungs. [1]
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) is a rare congenital malformation. PA-IVS involves complete blockage of the pulmonary valve located on the right side of the heart. This blockage prevents the flow of blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary agenesis is the complete absence of lung tissue, including bronchial tree, lung parenchyma, and supporting vasculatures. [7] The only remaining part is rudimentary bronchus. [ 7 ] Hence, the affected areas lose their function of gas exchange. [ 7 ]
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10]
Biliary atresia, or inflammation and destruction of the bile ducts, may lead to jaundice. Vomiting and swelling of the abdominal region are features that suggest improper positioning of the intestines. Poor positioning of the intestine also makes it more prone to blockage, which can result in numerous chronic health issues. [4]