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The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen and the Rydberg formula. In atomic physics , Rydberg unit of energy , symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom in a simplified Bohr model.
This is an indirect method of measuring α, based on measurements of the masses of the electron, certain atoms, and the Rydberg constant. The Rydberg constant is known to seven parts in a trillion. The mass of the electron relative to that of caesium and rubidium atoms is also known with extremely high precision. If the mass of the electron can ...
It is now apparent why Rydberg atoms have such peculiar properties: the radius of the orbit scales as n 2 (the n = 137 state of hydrogen has an atomic radius ~1 μm) and the geometric cross-section as n 4. Thus, Rydberg atoms are extremely large, with loosely bound valence electrons, easily perturbed or ionized by collisions or external fields.
Z is the atomic number, n′ (often written ) is the principal quantum number of the lower energy level, n (or ) is the principal quantum number of the upper energy level, and; is the Rydberg constant. (1.096 77 × 10 7 m −1 for hydrogen and 1.097 37 × 10 7 m −1 for heavy metals).
In 1890, Rydberg proposed on a formula describing the relation between the wavelengths in spectral lines of alkali metals. [2]: v1:376 He noticed that lines came in series and he found that he could simplify his calculations using the wavenumber (the number of waves occupying the unit length, equal to 1/λ, the inverse of the wavelength) as his unit of measurement.
It is traditionally divided to a normal mass shift (NMS) resulting from the change in the reduced electronic mass, and a specific mass shift (SMS), which is present in multi-electron atoms and ions. The NMS is a purely kinematical effect, studied theoretically by Hughes and Eckart. [3] It can be formulated as follows:
The same approach that produces an ionization event can be used to access the dense manifold of near-threshold Rydberg states with laser experiments. These experiments often involve a laser operating at one wavelength to access the intermediate Rydberg state and a second wavelength laser to access the near-threshold Rydberg state region.
Rydberg constant, a constant related to atomic spectra; Rydberg formula, a formula describing wavelengths; Rydberg atom, an excited atomic state; Rydberg molecule, an electronically excited chemical substance; Rydberg unit of energy (symbol Ry), derived from the Rydberg constant