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  2. List of integrals of trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [ 1 ] Generally, if the function sin ⁡ x {\displaystyle \sin x} is any trigonometric function, and cos ⁡ x {\displaystyle \cos x} is its derivative,

  3. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    At this point we can either integrate directly, or we can first change the integrand to 2 cos 6x − 4 cos 4x + 2 cos 2x and continue from there. Either method gives Either method gives ∫ sin 2 ⁡ x cos ⁡ 4 x d x = − 1 24 sin ⁡ 6 x + 1 8 sin ⁡ 4 x1 8 sin ⁡ 2 x + C . {\displaystyle \int \sin ^{2}x\cos 4x\,dx=-{\frac {1}{24 ...

  4. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.

  5. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    r = | z | = √ x 2 + y 2 is the magnitude of z and; φ = arg z = atan2(y, x). φ is the argument of z, i.e., the angle between the x axis and the vector z measured counterclockwise in radians, which is defined up to addition of 2π. Many texts write φ = tan −1 ⁠ y / x ⁠ instead of φ = atan2(y, x), but the first equation needs ...

  6. Trigonometric integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_integral

    Si(x) (blue) and Ci(x) (green) shown on the same plot. Integral sine in the complex plane, plotted with a variant of domain coloring. Integral cosine in the complex plane. Note the branch cut along the negative real axis. In mathematics, trigonometric integrals are a family of nonelementary integrals involving trigonometric functions.

  7. Tangent half-angle substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle...

    In integral calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is a change of variables used for evaluating integrals, which converts a rational function of trigonometric functions of into an ordinary rational function of by setting = ⁡.

  8. Integration by reduction formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_reduction...

    The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...

  9. Trigonometric substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_substitution

    For a definite integral, one must figure out how the bounds of integration change. For example, as x {\displaystyle x} goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to a / 2 , {\displaystyle a/2,} then sin ⁡ θ {\displaystyle \sin \theta } goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to 1 / 2 , {\displaystyle 1/2,} so θ {\displaystyle \theta } goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0 ...