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  2. Criteria of truth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_of_truth

    To be coherent, all pertinent facts must be arranged in a consistent and cohesive fashion as an integrated whole. The theory that most effectively reconciles all facts in this fashion may be considered most likely to be true. Coherence is the most potentially effective test of truth because it most adequately addresses all elements.

  3. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [31] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32]

  4. Closed-ended question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-ended_question

    A closed-ended question is any question for which a researcher provides research participants with options from which to choose a response. [1] Closed-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement that requires a response. A closed-ended question contrasts with an open-ended question, which cannot easily be answered with specific ...

  5. Verification and validation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation

    Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system meets a set of design specifications. [6] [7] In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service, or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results.

  6. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]

  7. Presumptive and confirmatory tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumptive_and...

    The sample probably is the substance. For example, the Kastle–Meyer test will show either that a sample is not blood or that the sample is probably blood, but may be a less common substance. Further chemical tests are needed to prove that the substance is blood. Confirmatory tests are the tests required to confirm the analysis. Confirmatory ...

  8. Observer-expectancy effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect

    Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and overlook information that argues against it. [1] It is a significant threat to a study's internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind experimental ...

  9. Display and referential questions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_and_referential...

    They are contrasted with referential questions (or information-seeking questions), a type of question posed when the answer is not known by the questioner at the time of inquiry. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Both question types are used widely in language education in order to elicit language practice but the use of referential questions is generally preferred ...