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  2. Electron transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transfer

    Furthermore, theories have been put forward to take into account the effects of vibronic coupling on electron transfer, in particular, the PKS theory of electron transfer. [10] In proteins, ET rates are governed by the bond structures: the electrons, in effect, tunnel through the bonds comprising the chain structure of the proteins. [11]

  3. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    The presence of such bands allows electrons in metals to behave as if they were free or delocalized electrons. These electrons are not associated with specific atoms, so when an electric field is applied, they are free to move like a gas (called Fermi gas) [137] through the material much like free electrons.

  4. Electron transport chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

    An electron transport chain (ETC [1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.

  5. Electron excitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_excitation

    Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state. This can be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the electron absorbs a photon and gains all its energy [ 1 ] or by collisional excitation (CE), where the electron receives energy from a collision with another, energetic electron. [ 2 ]

  6. Photophosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophosphorylation

    Redox reactions are chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants relative to the products. If donor and acceptor (the reactants) are of higher free energy than the reaction products, the electron ...

  7. Covalent bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond

    The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell, which can hold eight electrons, whereas the outer (and only) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell, which can hold only two. [9]

  8. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2n 2 electrons. [1]

  9. Alpha particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle

    Therefore an alpha particle is essentially a helium atom stripped of two electrons. In 1909, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds finally proved that alpha particles were indeed helium ions. [23] To do this they collected and purified the gas emitted by radium, a known alpha particle emitter, in a glass tube.