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A single-member district or constituency is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district , which is represented by multiple officeholders. In some countries, such as Australia and India , members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of ...
The mixed-member proportional system combines single member plurality voting (SMP), also known as first-past-the-post (FPTP), with party-list PR in a way that the overall result of the election is supposed to be proportional. The voter may vote for a district candidate as well as a party.
The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to multi-party systems.
Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single-member districts (SMDs), but systems of proportional representation such as the single non-transferable vote and cumulative voting have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice.
Despite the possible impact of single-member voting districts, Lake Worth Beach's city commission put the issue as a referendum in March's elections.
Localized or local list systems of party-list proportional representation hold elections in small (local) electoral districts, while still maintaining proportional representation at the national level. Voting takes place in small district, but localized list rules differ from single-member districts in that each district, some or all of the ...
Most elections in the U.S. select one person; elections with multiple members elected through proportional representation are relatively rare. Typical examples include the House of Representatives, where all members are elected in single-member districts, by First-past-the-post voting, instant-runoff voting, or by the two-round system.
A safe seat in a single-member electoral system is one that is in electoral stasis. Proportional representation systems, such as STV ballots, can also be in electoral stasis. Political party strategists ignore these “safe seats” and allocate resources to other districts.