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The partial derivative generalizes the notion of the derivative to higher dimensions. A partial derivative of a multivariable function is a derivative with respect to one variable with all other variables held constant. [1]: 26ff A partial derivative may be thought of as the directional derivative of the function along a coordinate axis.
Numerical differentiation. Finite difference estimation of derivative. In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
Second partial derivative test. The Hessian approximates the function at a critical point with a second-degree polynomial. In mathematics, the second partial derivative test is a method in multivariable calculus used to determine if a critical point of a function is a local minimum, maximum or saddle point.
Partial derivatives themselves are functions, each of which represents the rate of change of f parallel to one of the x 1, x 2, …, x n axes at all points in the domain (if the derivatives exist and are continuous—see also below). A first derivative is positive if the function increases along the direction of the relevant axis, negative if ...
The total derivative is a linear combination of linear functionals and hence is itself a linear functional. The evaluation measures how much points in the direction determined by at , and this direction is the gradient. This point of view makes the total derivative an instance of the exterior derivative. Suppose now that is a vector-valued ...
Use. An integrating factor is any expression that a differential equation is multiplied by to facilitate integration. For example, the nonlinear second order equation. admits as an integrating factor: To integrate, note that both sides of the equation may be expressed as derivatives by going backwards with the chain rule: Therefore, where is a ...
In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, [1] named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule"). It states that if and are n -times differentiable functions, then the product is also n -times differentiable and its n -th derivative is given by where is the binomial coefficient and denotes ...
The graph of a function, drawn in black, and a tangent line to that function, drawn in red. The slope of the tangent line equals the derivative of the function at the marked point. In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. [1] It is one of the two traditional divisions of ...