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The TIGER files do not contain the census demographic data, but merely the geospatial/map data. GIS can be used to merge census demographics or other data sources with the TIGER files to create maps and conduct analysis. TIGER data is available without cost because U.S. Government publications are required to be released into the public domain.
US Census Bureau US basemaps and US demographic data: U.S. Gazetteer, TIGER/Line shapefiles, census data. National Historical Geographic Information System: NHGIS provides free of charge, aggregate census data and GIS-compatible boundary files for the United States between 1790 and 2012. Atlas of Historical County Boundaries Project (AHCBP)
The origin of the geodatabase was in the mid-1990s during the emergence of the first spatial databases.One early approach to integrating relational databases and GIS was the use of server middleware, a third-party program that stores the spatial data in database tables in a custom format, and translates it dynamically into a logical model that can be understood by the client software.
CSPro was designed and implemented through a joint effort by the developers of two earlier software packages that were used to capture, edit, and tabulate census and survey data on DOS-based machines: the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS), developed by the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Integrated System for Survey Analysis (ISSA ...
Two additional developments are notable in the early days of GIS: Ian McHarg's publication Design with Nature [7] and its map overlay method and the introduction of a street network into the U.S. Census Bureau's DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) system. [8]
Esri Enterprise Geodatabase - A proprietary model for storing a geodatabase structure in a variety of commercial and open-source relational database management systems [14] GeoPackage (GPKG) – A standards-based, open format based on the SQLite database format for both vector and raster data, adopted by the Open Geospatial Consortium [ 15 ]
Personal geodatabases, which are based on Microsoft Access, run only on Microsoft Windows and have a 2 gigabyte size limit. [75] Enterprise (multi-user) geodatabases sit on top of high-end DBMS such as PostgreSQL , Oracle , Microsoft SQL Server , IBM Db2 and Informix to handle database management aspects, while ArcGIS deals with spatial data ...
ArcSDE supports the Esri geodatabase implementation. The product began as stand-alone software: Esri integrated it into ArcGIS version 9.2. [3] [4] In 2013 ESRI announced plans to deprecate the ArcSDE command line tools and the ArcSDE application server following the forthcoming release of ArcGIS 10.2. [5]