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Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV); [7] it is a type of viral hepatitis. [8] Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. [ 1 ] The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is two–six weeks. [ 2 ]
The Internal Autoimmune Hepatitis Group developed a standardized scoring system for clinical diagnosis in population studies but lacks value in individualized cases. [17] A simplified scoring system for clinical use incorporates titers of autoantibodies, total IgG levels, liver histology, and the exclusion of viral hepatitis for diagnostic scoring.
The standard serology panel for seroconversion include hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody for IgM and IgG, hepatitis B core antibody for IgM and IgG, and hepatitis B e-antigen. [61] In the typical disease course for hepatitis B, [62] the individual will first seroconvert for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
Possible causes for high ALT levels are liver inflammation (hepatitis A, B, C, infectious mononucleosis, acute viral fever, alcohol, pancreatic disorder), injury to muscles (trauma, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, acute kidney failure), and many toxins and drugs.
They were first reported by Henry Kunkel, H.R. Holman, and H.R.G. Dreicher in their studies of cellular causes of lupus erythematosus in 1959–60. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Today, anti-histone antibodies are still used as a marker for systemic lupus erythematosus , but are also implicated in other autoimmune diseases like Sjögren syndrome , dermatomyositis ...
When ALT rises to more than 500 IU/L, causes are usually from the liver. It can be due to hepatitis, ischemic liver injury, and toxins that causes liver damage. The ALT levels in hepatitis C rises more than in hepatitis A and B. Persistent ALT elevation more than 6 months is known as chronic hepatitis.
Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. [32] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis , cirrhosis, and ...
Both IgM and IgG antibodies bind strongly with their complementary antigens. IgG antibodies are most reactive at 37°C. IgM antibodies are easily detected in saline at room temperature as IgM antibodies are able to bridge between RBC's owing to their large size, efficiently creating what is seen as agglutination .
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