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Magnetic helicity is a gauge-dependent quantity, because can be redefined by adding a gradient to it (gauge choosing).However, for perfectly conducting boundaries or periodic systems without a net magnetic flux, the magnetic helicity contained in the whole domain is gauge invariant, [15] that is, independent of the gauge choice.
The number of subprocesses describing a given process is so large that automatic tools have been developed to mitigate the burden of hand calculations. Interactions at HighahEnergih open a large spectrum of possible final states and consequently increase the number of processes to compute.
Helicity is a pseudo-scalar quantity: it changes sign under change from a right-handed to a left-handed frame of reference; it can be considered as a measure of the handedness (or chirality) of the flow. Helicity is one of the four known integral invariants of the Euler equations; the other three are energy, momentum and angular momentum.
In the Standard Model, using quantum field theory it is conventional to use the helicity basis to simplify calculations (of cross sections, for example).
As the blood moves into the aortic arch, the area with the highest velocity tends to be on the inner wall. Helical flow within the ascending aorta and aortic arch help to reduce flow stagnation and increase oxygen transport. [4] As the blood moves into the descending aorta, rotations in the flow are less present.
The rate at which fluid is filtered across vascular endothelium (transendothelial filtration) is determined by the sum of two outward forces, capillary pressure and colloid osmotic pressure beneath the endothelial glycocalyx (), and two absorptive forces, plasma protein osmotic pressure and interstitial pressure (). The Starling equation is the ...
Mie Scattering from a sphere. x is the wave number times the sphere's radius and m is the refractive index of the sphere divided by the refractive index of the medium. In electromagnetism , the Mie solution to Maxwell's equations (also known as the Lorenz–Mie solution , the Lorenz–Mie–Debye solution or Mie scattering ) describes the ...
Accurate prescription of TKE as initial conditions in CFD simulations are important to accurately predict flows, especially in high Reynolds-number simulations. A smooth duct example is given below. k = 3 2 ( U I ) 2 , {\displaystyle k={\frac {3}{2}}(UI)^{2},} where I is the initial turbulence intensity [%] given below, and U is the initial ...