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The Japanese language makes use of a system of honorific speech, called keishō (敬称), which includes honorific suffixes and prefixes when talking to, or referring to others in a conversation. Suffixes are often gender-specific at the end of names, while prefixes are attached to the beginning of many nouns.
Japanese uses honorific constructions to show or emphasize social rank, social intimacy or similarity in rank. The choice of pronoun used, for example, will express the social relationship between the person speaking and the person being referred to, and Japanese often avoids pronouns entirely in favor of more explicit titles or kinship terms.
The following is a list of notable print, electronic, and online Japanese dictionaries. This is a sortable table: clicking the arrows in the header cells will cause the table rows to sort based on the selected column, in ascending order first, and subsequently toggling between ascending and descending order.
Another early English character dictionary is 六千字典 = 6000 Chinese Characters with Japanese Pronunciation and Japanese and English Renderings by J. Ira Jones and H.V.S. Peeke published in 1915 in Tokyo. [6] The fourth edition of this work appeared in 1936. [7] There are currently four major Kan–Ei dictionaries.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Japanese on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Japanese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
The Daijisen followed upon the success of two other Kōjien competitors, Sanseido's Daijirin ("Great forest of words", 1988, 1995, 2006) and Kōdansha's color-illustrated Nihongo Daijiten ("Great dictionary of Japanese", 1989, 1995). All of these dictionaries weigh around 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) and have about 3000 pages.
This dictionary notes over 3,700 Japanese pronunciations, [2] and cites early texts, for instance, the circa 822 CE Buddhist Nihon Ryōiki (日本霊異記 "Accounts of Miracles in Japan"). The Shinsen Jikyō is the first Japanese dictionary to include kokuji "national characters" invented in Japan. [ 3 ]
Pronunciations with [ŋ] are generally less frequent for younger speakers, [179] [178] [166] and even though the use of [ŋ] was traditionally prescribed as a feature of standard Japanese, pronunciations with [ɡ] seem in practice to have acquired a more prestigious status, as shown by studies that find higher rates of [ɡ] usage when speakers ...