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Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant are advised to stop smoking. [5] [6] It is important to examine these effects because smoking before, during and after pregnancy is not an unusual behavior among the general population and can have detrimental health impacts, especially among both mother and child, as a result.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues.
） (Smoking during pregnancy is a cause of premature births and impaired fetal growth. According to epidemiological estimates, pregnant women who smoke have almost double the risk of low birth weight and three times the risk of premature births than pregnant women who do not smoke.
Many of the same marketing strategies used with women were used with this target group. By 1998, the women's smoking rate had dropped to 22%. 1998 also marked the year of the Master Settlement Agreement. [20] The beginning of the 21st century saw women smoking at a rate of 22.8%, which was a slight increase compared to the previous decade. [24]
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy can cause a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [112] Smoking during pregnancy causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [113] Smoking is associated with 30% higher odds of preterm birth. [114]
Smoking during pregnancy can cause adverse health effects in both the woman and the fetus. The 2008 US Guideline determined that "person-to-person psychosocial interventions" (typically including "intensive counseling") increased abstinence rates in pregnant women who smoke to 13.3%, compared with 7.6% in usual care.
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Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus. [61] Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss. [62] The effects of smoking on periodontal tissues depend on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of the habit.