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  2. List of sovereign states by research and development spending

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states...

    According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country.

  3. List of U.S. states by research and development spending

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by...

    U.S. states by R&D spending 2020 (in adjusted 2020 dollars) National rank State Expenditures on R&D (millions of US$) [1] Expenditures on R&D per capita in US$ [2] Federal government

  4. Government spending - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending

    Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments. [1] [2] In national income accounting, the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community, is classed as government final consumption expenditure.

  5. List of countries by government spending as percentage of GDP

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    This article lists countries alphabetically, with total government expenditure as percentage of Gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries. Also stated is the government revenue and net lending/borrowing of the government as percentage of GDP.

  6. List of companies by research and development spending

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_by...

    Expenditures on R&D (billions of US$) 1 Amazon United States: Software and Internet 73.21 2 Alphabet Inc. United States: Software and Internet 39.50 3 Meta Platforms, Inc. United States: Software and Internet 35.34 4 Apple United States: Computing and Electronics 27.65 5 Microsoft United States: Software and Internet 26.63 6 Huawei China

  7. R&D intensity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R&D_intensity

    R&D expenditure and R&D intensity are two of the key indicators used to monitor resources devoted to science and technology worldwide. [citation needed] R&D intensity has been defined as "the ratio of expenditures by a firm on research and development to the firm's sales."

  8. Research and development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development

    Research and development (R&D or R+D) [1] is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.

  9. Measures of national income and output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measures_of_national...

    A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national income (GNI), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost).