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Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel.
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.
Most threaded-pipe systems require strategically located pipe-union fittings in final assembly. The threaded pipe is heavy and requires adequate attachment to support its weight. To ensure a comprehensive pressure test, it is crucial to explicitly request a 3.1 certificate in accordance with EN HFF 10204:2004.
While CUP and LUP numbers were intended to be comparable to the crushing power of a given pressure in psi (lbf/in 2), the numbers are not equivalent.Since a longer duration, lower pressure pulse can crush the cylinder as much as a shorter duration, higher pressure pulse, CUP and LUP pressures frequently register lower than actual peak pressures (as measured by a transducer) by up to 20%.
For circular pipes of different surface roughness, at a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2000 [2] pipe flow will ultimately be laminar, whereas above the critical value turbulent flow can persist, as shown in Moody chart. For non-circular pipes, such as rectangular ducts, the critical Reynolds number is shifted, but ...
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where the pressure loss per unit length Δp / L (SI units: Pa/m) is a function of: , the density of the fluid (kg/m 3);, the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (for a pipe of circular section, this equals D; otherwise D H = 4A/P for a pipe of cross-sectional area A and perimeter P) (m);