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Life expectancy at birth in the Roman Empire is estimated at about 22–33 years. [9] [notes 1] For the two-thirds to three-quarters of the population surviving the first year of life, [10] life expectancy at age 1 is estimated at around 34–41 remaining years (i.e. expected to live to age 35–42), while for the 55–65% surviving to age 5, life expectancy was around 40–45. [11]
The population already started to decline from the late 4th century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire, with a population of no fewer than 650,000 inhabitants. [53]
The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. [3] ... Rome's history spans 28 centuries.
This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods.
This article lists the largest human settlements in the world (by population) over time, as estimated by historians, from 7000 BC when the largest human settlement was a proto-city in the ancient Near East with a population of about 1,000–2,000 people, to the year 2000 when the largest human settlement was Tokyo with 26 million.
At the time of Augustus, as many as 35% of the people in Roman Italy were slaves, [137] making Rome one of five historical "slave societies" in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy.
These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent: Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)
The Romans carried out a regular census of citizens eligible for military service (Polybius 2.23), but for the population of the rest of Italy at this time we have to rely on a single report of the military strength of Rome's allies in 227 BC – and guess the numbers of those who were opposed to Rome at this time. [12]