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In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para – (or p –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram.
These are chemical active centers for acid-catalyzed transalkylation reaction. Zeolites of varying sizes are used to perform transalkylation on different substrates. For example, zeolites with a pore size of 5.5Å are suitable for benzene, toluene, xylenes and trimethylbenzenes transalkylations. [5] [3] [6]
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l,-ɔː l,-oʊ l /), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3, often abbreviated as PhCH 3, where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed from a single nonaromatic precursor. Typically aromatization is achieved by dehydrogenation of existing cyclic compounds, illustrated by the conversion of cyclohexane into benzene. Aromatization includes the formation of heterocyclic systems. [1]
The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [ 73 ] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
Hydrodealkylation is a chemical reaction that often involves reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as toluene, in the presence of hydrogen gas to form a simpler aromatic hydrocarbon devoid of functional groups. An example is the conversion of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene to xylene. [1]
Toluene (or methylbenzene) is a common chemical found in chemistry laboratories. An alkylbenzene is a chemical compound that contains a monocyclic aromatic ring attaching to one or more saturated hydrocarbon chains. [1] Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives phenol from benzene. [27] The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air: C 6 H 5 CH 3 + 2 O 2 → C 6 H 5 OH + CO 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate. [8]