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The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, ... Active T cells secrete cytokines, undergo rapid proliferation, have cytotoxic ...
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, [1] found in the bone marrow.
CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). [1] It is composed of four distinct chains. In mammals, the complex contains a CD3γ chain, a CD3δ chain, and two CD3ε chains.
They are called non-catalytic receptors, as the receptors have no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and cannot phosphorylate their own tyrosine residues. [2] Phosphorylation is mediated by additionally recruited kinases. A prominent member of this receptor family is the T-cell receptor.
TRPV1 is an important membrane channel in T cells as it regulates the influx of calcium cations. TRPV1's involvement is mainly in T cell receptor signalling signalling, T cell activation and TCR-mediated influx of calcium ions, [19] but it is involved in T cell cytokine production as well. [20]
CD2 was shown to prime naive T cells (T N) even without CD28 or TCR. [2] Also, CD27 is a receptor constitutively expressed on T N (its expression is downregulated upon TCR stimulation) and enhances T cell proliferation. [9] The differentiation of T helper cells (T H) into different subsets also partially depends on their co-stimulatory molecules.
Each T cell has a distinct T cell receptor, suited to a specific substance, called an antigen. [12] Most T cell receptors bind to the major histocompatibility complex on cells of the body. The MHC presents an antigen to the T cell receptor, which becomes active if this matches the specific T cell receptor. [12]
CD28 (Cluster of Differentiation 28) is a protein expressed on T cells that provides essential co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival. When T cells are stimulated through CD28 in conjunction with the T-cell receptor (), it enhances the production of various interleukins, particularly IL-6.