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Cardiotonic agents are typically employed as short-term and non-routine therapies for heart failure patients. [71] They are specifically reserved for those with contractile dysfunction in the left ventricles (lower chambers of the heart), low cardiac output, and low blood pressure, placing them at risk of inadequate organ perfusion. [72]
The following are medications commonly prescribed cardiac pharmaceutical agents. The specificity of the following medications is highly variable, and often are not particularly specific to a given class. As such, they are listed as are commonly accepted.
Cardiovascular agents are drugs used to treat diseases associated with the heart or blood vessels. These medications are available for purchase only with a physician’s prescription . They include, but are not limited to, drugs that target hypertension ( antihypertensives ), hyperlipidemia ( antihyperlipidemics ) and blood clotting (blood ...
The general structure of a cardiac glycoside consists of a steroid molecule attached to a sugar and an R group. [4] The steroid nucleus consists of four fused rings to which other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be attached to influence the overall molecule's biological activity. [4]
Dobutamine is a direct-acting agent whose primary activity results from stimulation of the β 1-adrenoceptors of the heart, increasing contractility and cardiac output. Since it does not act on dopamine receptors to inhibit the release of norepinephrine (another α 1 agonist), dobutamine is less prone to induce hypertension than is dopamine .
Vesnarinone is a cardiotonic agent. [1] A mixed phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor and ion-channel modifier that has modest, dose-dependent, positive inotropic activity, but minimal negative chronotropic activity. Vesnarinone improves ventricular performance most in patients with the worst degree of heart failure.
Milrinone, sold under the brand name Primacor, is a pulmonary vasodilator [2] used in patients who have heart failure.It is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor that works to increase the heart's contractility and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance.
The most common indications for digoxin are atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response, [12] [13] especially in older or less active patients, [14] though beta blockers and/or calcium channel blockers may be preferred in some patients, such as younger more active ones, or those without heart failure or hemodynamic instability.