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A two-way slab has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. [24] This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the two horizontal lengths.
The method adapts the strip method and is based on an elastic analysis of torsionally restrained two-way rectangular slabs with a uniformly distributed load. Marcus introduced a correction factor to the existing Rankine Grashoff theory in order to account for torsional restraints at the corners.
Since the 1950s there have been several attempts to develop theories for arching action in both one and two-way slabs. [5] [6] [7] One of the principal approaches to membrane action was that due to Park [8] which has been used as a basis for many studies into arching action in slabs. Park's approach was based on rigid plastic slab strip theory ...
The underside of a waffle slab, showing the grid like structure. A waffle slab or two-way joist slab is a concrete slab made of reinforced concrete with concrete ribs running in two directions on its underside. [1] The name waffle comes from the grid pattern created by the reinforcing ribs.
Slabs are one of the greatest consumers of concrete in many buildings, [14] so reducing the slab mass can make a relatively large difference to the environmental impact of a building's construction. Biaxial slabs may be marginally cheaper than solid slabs, partly due to the lower mass.
In an analogous way, one can obtain finite difference approximations to higher order derivatives and differential operators. For example, by using the above central difference formula for f ′(x + h / 2 ) and f ′(x − h / 2 ) and applying a central difference formula for the derivative of f ′ at x, we obtain the central difference approximation of the second derivative of f:
The formula calculator concept can be applied to all types of calculator, including arithmetic, scientific, statistics, financial and conversion calculators. The calculation can be typed or pasted into an edit box of: A software package that runs on a computer, for example as a dialog box. An on-line formula calculator hosted on a web site.
The classical Pade scheme for the first derivative at a cell with index (′) reads; ′ + ′ + + ′ = +. Where is the spacing between points with index , & +.The equation yields a fourth-order accurate solution for ′ when supplemented with suitable boundary conditions (typically periodic).