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  2. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...

  3. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    less than 10 10 is 9 780 657 630, which has 1132 steps, [10] less than 10 11 is 75 128 138 247, which has 1228 steps, less than 10 12 is 989 345 275 647, which has 1348 steps. [11] (sequence A284668 in the OEIS) These numbers are the lowest ones with the indicated step count, but not necessarily the only ones below the given limit.

  4. Pythagorean triple - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple

    This establishes that each rational point of the x-axis goes over to a rational point of the unit circle. The converse, that every rational point of the unit circle comes from such a point of the x-axis, follows by applying the inverse stereographic projection. Suppose that P(x, y) is a point of the unit circle with x and y rational

  5. Quadratic equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_equation

    The solutions of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 correspond to the roots of the function f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, since they are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. If a , b , and c are real numbers and the domain of f is the set of real numbers, then the roots of f are exactly the x - coordinates of the points where the graph touches the ...

  6. Quadratic residue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_residue

    Modulo 2, every integer is a quadratic residue. Modulo an odd prime number p there are (p + 1)/2 residues (including 0) and (p − 1)/2 nonresidues, by Euler's criterion.In this case, it is customary to consider 0 as a special case and work within the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of the field (/).

  7. Plastic ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_ratio

    In mathematics, the plastic ratio is a geometrical proportion close to 53/40.Its true value is the real solution of the equation x 3 = x + 1.. The adjective plastic does not refer to the artificial material, but to the formative and sculptural qualities of this ratio, as in plastic arts.

  8. Square number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number

    The sum of the first odd integers, beginning with one, is a perfect square: 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 5, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7, etc. This explains Galileo's law of odd numbers : if a body falling from rest covers one unit of distance in the first arbitrary time interval, it covers 3, 5, 7, etc., units of distance in subsequent time intervals of the same length.

  9. Most-perfect magic square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most-perfect_magic_square

    All most-perfect magic squares are panmagic squares.. Apart from the trivial case of the first order square, most-perfect magic squares are all of order 4n.In their book, Kathleen Ollerenshaw and David S. Brée give a method of construction and enumeration of all most-perfect magic squares.